Video-Interview Bruno Latour

14.06.2018 | BIBB

Society – Technology– People: Theory-Interviews on the relationship between societal and technological change

Interview with Prof. Bruno Latour, PhD

This interview was filmed in Paris on 14 June 2018. The interviewer was Thomas Leuchtenmüller. It is part of a BIBB-research project on "Polarisierung von Tätigkeiten in der Wirtschaft 4.0 - Fachkräftequalifikationen und Fachkräftebedarf in der digitalisierten Arbeit von morgen“, funded by BMBF.

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Theorieinterviews

Where do we find sources for technological change and social division of labour?

I have a theory that makes it hard to understand the question, separated from what could be called the rest of the society. So the prime is that people often see technology as one layer isolated from, I don’t know, economics, politics, morals, life. But that´s not the way it is for humans at least. I mean for thousands and hundreds of thousands of years the drivers have a connected what the society is made of and what the technology is doing in it.  So it´s very hard to isolate the drivers. They can come from many different sources.  So if we want to work in this interview we have to make sure that you accept the possibility that basically society and technology are the two sides of the same coin. Greed, ambition, poverty, hunger, powers of course, ingenuity and thousands of things that could explain as well politics or art or economics and it´s very difficult to isolate one little bit which would be the introduction of a non-human resources inside a situation. Social Division of Labor is just one of the many things which could explain the organization of what could be called techno-social or socio-technical assemblage. If you take a - of course there is a division of labor here, there is you, and the camera man, scientist and myself - but I'm not sure if this is a very strong driver. There is division of labor, there has been forever. The only thing which is typical of the technical as such is that when it is introduced into an organization it stays and it maintains the state of the organization for a slight while. So this is why, I don’t know, this chair for example is sitting me, is holding me and is slightly longer lasting than me. Actually this could last for very long time. So that’s what technic does to a organization. If not, an organization was a shifting, moving set of relations which have no durability. But if you add a little bit and pieces in it which are coming from what is called the non-human, usually material but it can be also legal, it lasts a little longer. It can be answered, this question, only by empirically cases. I don't think, and I've read many historians of technique and economies of technology, and you could make very interesting inquiries about the findings on the long term, range of innovation, the cycles of innovation on the long term period, a few decades etc.; but you will always have a very rough idea to answer your question. Because most of the time - precisely because technology is so much of the same thing as social, political and legal relation - it depends on so many factors that the sort of aggregated answer to this case studies never work very well. Many people have tried to find laws of innovation and subsidies these laws of innovation, create engineering parks and that sort of things and Germany has been very successful at that. But the price that - this is very rough -; I mean of course it is better to have, if you say a more open society, lots of engineers, lots of money to do the scaling up, lots of research, educated engineers, you can say this is good - I mean it's a good try - but if you wanted now to follow that on one specific innovation, you would be very surprised. Because suddenly you would realise things like, I don't know, the "Dieselgate" suddenly arriving there for reasons which are linked to the legal demand made to automakers by state institutions, and then engineers finding a clever solution, but the wrong sort of clever, so to speak. And you will have to go case by case and again when you are going case by case, you will visit a large part of Europe, of Germany or France. So this is why in order to get into technique you need to change the way you praise it and this is a very important aspect. The ways to praise a technique has itself to be adjusted to what i've said, which is when you study a technique and it's difficulty of it's innovation and the reason why it works or it doesn’t work, you have to bring to the study of it special type of senses and special type of principals which are not the ones you would use easily for normal economical theories. The reason is that precisely when a technique arrives it just shifts the whole sort of set of attitudes and presuppositions that people have. It’s made for that. It's disruptive, when you arrive with a technique - puffff - all of the calculations of all of the people who were there and with a certain idea of what is the state of society are modified. Oh that’s a much easier question. Because they differ radically by the fact that innovations since the Newcomen engine I would say all the way to the 1980s, that is, 19th and 20th century, were driven with this idea that Ulrich Beck, the German sociologist, has nicely called indifference to aftereffect. So it was much easier to innovate in the 19th and 20th century. Because basically you were finding new solutions to disrupt the state of the art at one given moment. You knew you had to take care of some of the aftereffect, but the big aftereffect, the long term aftereffect was completely out of your ecosystem. And now what’s happening is that the aftereffects are all coming back to haunt every single piece of technology including this machine here, this lighting system there. We will be told soon that it is bad for the eyes, that it has the wrong wave length or that its made of material that is destroying a large part of Africa etc.  #00:08:51-4#

Which consequences will arise from technological change?

Well the first thing is that progress is gone as a concept. Because progress was precisely a 19th and 20th century idea of technical access to resources through inventions disrupting older patterns of use of the earth. And whose aftereffect could be ignored. But all of that has disappeared. So now every time you talk about progress you have to remember what consequences aftereffect has to be reintroduced into the definition of a technique. If you take now an electric car which is supposed to be the great solution, but if you reintroduce the question of battery and the material necessary for battery suddenly you have a hesitation on is it progressive or is it regressive? So the very notion of progressive or regressive is now completely blurred. For a Frenchman, abandoning nuclear energy by the Germans could be called regressive. The great country of engineering and technology, Germany, is abandoning this technique, which still might be progress. Again it means that the way we evaluate techniques, the way we judge development and innovation is completely wrong because precisely we cannot sort them out by their profitability or efficacy without taking the aftereffect into account, which modifies every calculation of interest. Well I think its fair to say that there is a line, which we could call hypermodernism which would be the connections that is robotic, AI, DNA-manipulation, a whole sort of iconic technological hype associated for the public – to take one example – with Musk which is continuing the dream of technological innovation as it was made in the modernist period, with one small but essential difference is that it is not for the many. Its not for the masses, its not the whole world. Its just the very small segment of very wealthy sort of Californian tycoons. Which is for me embedded in the word of Musk when he sent his rocket into space which was a publicity for his car. And when he said this is fun and silly. Whatever you say about technology of the 20th century – it was not fun and silly. It was engaged into a prospect of modernizing which was serious. Sometimes dangerous, but serious. That’s the one line you see in the press. The mass of stuff on AI and robotics and are we going to be overpassed by robots? And the other direction of course is completely different and exactly the opposite which is: Now every single technology has to be redistributed and rethought in the line of – lets say, to take one element of it, decarbonized economy – and again the case of German shift from nuclear to redistributed energy pattern is a good example of how fast this could be going. So there is one line which is the innovability of hypermodernism, which is the hype that people try to sell us. And that fascinates journalists usually. And then there is another much more distributed, completely different definition of what is innovation and not innovation. So we have people who consider that permaculture is a progress – so its progressive compared to other forms of modernist agriculture, which themselves are considered as archaic now. The whole system of technology is going to change. And anyway it will change very fast. When it will be pushed by the extraordinary quick expansion of the ecological catastrophe. So if engineers,  schools, companies and citizens are not able to absorb that shift the consequences will be harsh. You cannot answer this question of the ethics of techniques or morality of techniques without being able to describe and define a selection mechanism which allows you to see if it is good or bad. Before – in the 19th and 20th [century's] imaginary of a technique basically good meant progressive and bad meant regressive, so that you could actually order the techniques by this sort of positioning. So the value system was very easy. If it was modern and modernizing and in the line with the modernizing front it was good. And when it was not then it was bad or archaic or has to be transformed or nice to look at but obsolete. But right now it's very different and the problem that we still have this tasting system which doesn’t work anymore because modernism is no longer a key to decide if this is good or this is bad. Especially in agriculture it goes all over the board. We don’t have a taste for the definition of techniques going in one direction or the other one. It is very difficult now to decide the direction of any piece of technic. So sometimes there are more general rules like: Is it going towards the decarbonization or not? Is it renewable or sustainable or circular? I mean this is a sort of general judgement made on techniques. But this is very rough. Because also it is very weak compared to the power of industry or the power of hype. So I think right now we are in a time when what could be called the technical culture, the culture of people to taste or test technique, is so poor, that it is very difficult to answer your question. In most of the time if you ask people to talk about Moliere or a painting by Degas the people would have a taste. But for technique they will be just, like a five year old kid, impressed by the hype. And that’s very problematic because now we have to shift our whole cultural affect and cultural feel for very detailed apprehension of techniques.  #00:17:35-1#

How are drivers and consequences of technological change connected?

Well I´m from a school, which we called "Actor-Network Theory", where we define society not by linkages which are social but by linkages which are coming from all sorts of sources. So that social not means a certain type of connector but the assemblage, the gathering so to speak, of lots of connectors. So in our theory law is one, for instance: The linkages which are established by law are very durable, even though there are no techniques to hold them but the association which explains the dynamics of social order. So is religion, so is art and technique is just one of them. In every single innovation, in every single object that you see around here there are enormous amount of legal aspects in the definition of their shape. It's clear from the glass of this window here to every single element – even your glasses, shoes etc. – so the legal aspect and the technical aspect and the religious aspect are three of the many ways in which society itself exists. The mistake is to take them as successive layers; all separated domains. So I'm from a school which is interested precisely in the heterogeneity and the pluralism of those connectors. So if you follow any innovation you might have one segment which is due to a legal dimension, because you have a standard to obey; the next segment might come from organizational questions, the way the head of the team behaves; the next segment might be a difficulty in the way that the atoms are resisting to the trial, I as an engineer try to find a way to do it. So the whole trajectory of a technology would be segmented in our reconstruction of society by those different types of association. And we call society - and sociology for us is not the science of social connection - society is a study of association. And association is a much larger set. And – to come back to your question – the other whole dynamic of those association are not driven by technique – in the strict sense of the word. They are driven by technique plus law plus organization plus economic decision plus very often values and cultural sort of patterns, sometimes religion. The set of connection which moves in one direction.  #00:21:31-8#

What measures can be taken to steer technological change?

Well I´ll preach from my own parish which is: We should be able to describe techniques in their ecosystems and not isolated in many ways. Which also means teaching of engineers – I´ve been doing this since 25 years in my school not far from here – but also technical museums, in general education might be the best answer. But there is also for government completely different ways which is to not exactly steer – cause techniques are difficult to steer – but at least build an environment which is captured by the notion of alternative technique which is quite funny because in the old days – when I was young – alternative technology was for the underdeveloped countries. Developing countries: India or China. And now the term is what qualifies what we should do here. Because we have to shift the whole infrastructures of our technique. I mean not only the carbon-economy but everything else. I mean agriculture, architectures, transportation, food – I mean everything has to be transformed. So it's very interesting to see that people are interested now in technique but they still frame it in the traditional model when we should look more towards alternative technique. All the things we tried to get sold to the poor countries in the past -we should learn it for us now. How do you relearn to build? How do you relearn to transport people? And what are the technical infrastructures which have to be build on this new imperative which is no longer the hype and modernizing imperative but is what I´ve been called a down to earth – imperative.